>>37849
During the Italian wars, the Turks weren't that powerful, and they only got to the state they did because France helped them out.
>>37850
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary
Fun-fact, since the prince of Transylvania was once also the king of Poland-Lithuania, this meant that all of Poland-Lithuania was once technically ruled by the Ottomans as well.
>>37851
The Dukes of Burgundy did, with their headquarters in the Netherlands.
>>37852
The pope and Charlemagne. Essentially, there was an unholy trinity for an unh0ly empire; the jewish community, the pope, and the emperor.
>>37853
They were part-jewish part-Italian, maybe part-Gaul if they were lucky.