>>40275
>What do you mean?
He probably means right to collect taxes started to rented or outright sold to certain strongman or rich people, as you can guess the guy who b buys ght to collect taxes tend to squezee the peasants dry. Tax farming has become most empires undoing.

>>40256
It is very similar to ikta.

>>40255
>>40257
Feudalism basically means land based economic system, ikta and tımar are still feudalistic.

>>40246
>d) it is evolution of the idea behind Varangian guard
It has nothing to do with varangian guard, janisarries were mostly to do with internal threats like preventing other failies take over hence personal slave army, varangians were mostly oblivious to state intrigue, they swore pretty much whoever coup d'etad the emperor.

Janisarry system is mostly similar to ghulam (gulaman-ı saray) system or other similar eastern practices. For example abbasids mostly relied on Turks (but Turks just took over the egypt that's anohter story) to keep other families in check, Turkish states like seljuks hired persians for this.