Europe Invasion focuses mainly on xenophobic content targeting immigrants, particularly Muslims. The account frequently draws connections between pro-Palestine protesters and Hamas supporters, equating the two in its posts. Recent investigations have uncovered that the X account “Europe Invasion,” known for disseminating xenophobic content targeting Muslim immigrants and equating pro-Palestinian protesters with Hamas supporters, is likely operated by a Turkish entrepreneurial couple based in Dubai. Swedish news outlet SVT reported that this couple is also connected to the X account “Algorithm Coach” (@algorithmcoachX). When approached, the couple denied direct involvement, stating they had engaged an advertising agency to promote their business. Both accounts have undergone multiple rebrandings; notably, “Europe Invasion” was previously a cryptocurrency account under the username @makcanerkripto and has a bot score of 4 out of 5, according to Botometer. Following SVT’s investigation, Europe Invasion updated its profile, claiming to be managed by “Stefan,” a Montenegrin of Serbian origin. However, SVT reported that when they contacted the advertising agency linked to the Turkish couple allegedly behind the account, a person named Stefan responded — with an email account set to Turkish.

The next three accounts on the list—Robin (@Robiiin_Hoodx), Eli Afriat (@EliAfriatISR), and AMIRAN (@Amiran_Zizovi)—do explicitly reference Israel or Zionism in their Bios. Robin, who joined X in May 2024, describes himself in his bio as: “• Think of nothing but fighting • PROUD JEWISH & PROUD ZIONIST.” Two of these accounts use AI-generated profile pictures of Israeli soldiers. They frequently interact with each other, replying to and reposting each other’s content, and follow various pro-Israel accounts. Other accounts, including Mara Weiner (@MaraWeiner123), Sonny (@SONNY13432EEDW), Jack Carbon (@JaCar97642), Allison Wolpoff (@AllisonW90557), and Emily Weinberg (@EmilyWeinb23001), display bot-like behavior. Their usernames include random numbers, and they either lack a profile picture or use vague images. Most of these accounts were created after October 2023, coinciding with the start of Israel’s military actions in Gaza. They predominantly respond to pro-Palestine posts by promoting Zionist talking points.

Lebanese researchers Ralph Baydoun and Michel Semaan, from the communications consulting firm InflueAnswers, describe “superbots” as Israel’s new secret weapon in the digital information war over its operations in Gaza. Earlier versions of online bots were far more rudimentary, with limited language abilities, and were able only to respond to predetermined commands. “Online bots before, especially in the mid-2010s … were mostly regurgitating the same text over and over and over. The text … would very obviously be written by a bot,” Semaan told Al Jazeera. On the other hand, AI-powered super bots that utilize large language models (LLMs)—algorithms trained on vast amounts of text data—can produce smarter, faster, and, most critically, more human-like responses. Examples of these LLMs include ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini. These AI bots have not only been covertly deployed on social media; pro-Israel activists have also assembled AI-powered troll armies to bolster their messaging. In October 2023, as Israel launched its military campaign in Gaza, Zachary Bamberger, a graduate student at Israel’s Technion University, created an LLM specifically designed to counter what he saw as “anti-Israel” content and amplify pro-Israel posts across online platforms.

Bamberger’s company, Rhetoric AI, is designed to generate translations of Arabic and Hebrew social media content, assess whether posts violate platform terms of service, and swiftly report any infractions. For posts that don’t violate terms, the tool generates what it considers the most effective counter-argument.