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William Makis @MakisMedicine - NEW ARTICLE: RESEARCH: NICLOSAMIDE in CANCER and other diseases - 2025 Review Paper from Henan, China
NICLOSAMIDE was approved by FDA in 1982 for treating tapeworm infections, and was designated an essential drug by WHO.
NICLOSAMIDE in CANCER Mechanisms:
1. Mitochondrial uncoupling - this is its major anti-cancer mechanism
Niclosamide acts like a mild “leak” in the mitochondrial membrane, letting protons slip across without making ATP. This increases oxygen use, lowers ATP levels, raises AMP/ATP ratio & activates AMPK (energy sensor) to inhibit mTOR (slows down cancer cell growth).
Cancer cells, which often rely on inefficient energy pathways (Warburg effect), are especially vulnerable.
This can lead to inhibition of ATP synthesis, exhausting cellular energy reserves, metabolic stress, and cell death.
2. Signal pathway modulation - It inhibits several “pro-cancer” pathways, including:
- Wnt/β-catenin (important in cancer proliferation, especially colorectal).
- mTOR (controls cell proliferation, growth and metabolism).
- Notch pathway (controls proliferation, growth, angiogenesis and cellular migration)
- STAT3, NF-κB, etc. (cancer survival, proliferation).
- Promotes apoptosis (programmed cell death) and reduce inflammation.
3. Combination with existing chemotherapies
4. Addresses Multi-Drug Resistance - by enhancing production of reactive oxygen species.
OTHER DISEASES - beyond cancer, Niclosamide’s versatility includes: